Disturbances of Fluid and Electrolyte balance related to Diarrhea

Disturbances of Fluid and Electrolyte balance related to Diarrhea

Disturbances of Fluid and Electrolyte balance related to Diarrhea   January 14, 2017

Diarrhea is a disease characterized by a change in stool become too soft or liquid. Stimulus to continue to defecate will continue to happen, as long as the stool still have water or fluid overload. Patients with diarrhea will be cured if the stool has changed as usual. There is no excess liquid and so forth.

Here are things that are often the cause of diarrhea:

Infection

Infection is a factor that is often the cause of someone with diarrhea. Many types of infection that can cause a person to suffer from diarrhea. Here are the different kinds of infections that cause diarrhea:

• Internal infection - Infection is common in the human digestive tract. If the gastrointestinal infection that can cause diarrhea
• Infections caused by bacteria - Bacteria also cause a person exposed to the bacteria. The bacteria can cause a person to become infected. Bacteria that can cause diarrhea are; vibrio coma, e coli, salmonella, yersinia, shigella and also acromonas.
• Virus - Virus that exists around us can also cause diarrhea. Viruses that can infect the body. A variety of viruses that cause diarrhea are adeno virus, rotavirus, astro virus and also entero virus.
• Parasites - Parasites such as fungi, worms and protozoa can cause infections and the infection can cause diarrhea.
• Parental - parental infection that can cause diarrhea is an infection outside the digestive organs for example tonsilo pharyngitis and acute otitis media infection.

Non-Infectious

There are a lot of things can cause diarrhea, which is caused by diseases that are not infectious. For example, are the following:

• Allergies - Allergies can also cause diarrhea. Allergies are the most dominant cause of diarrhea is food allergies. For example, an allergy to the protein and milk allergy.
• Disturbance - Disturbance in the body that can cause a person with diarrhea is a metabolic disorder and malabsorption disorders.
• Medications - Medications such as antibiotics can also cause diarrhea.
• Intestinal diseases - Intestinal diseases can also affect a person with diarrhea. For example ; a bowel disease such as colitis ulserative, enterocolitis and also Crohn's disease.
• Psychological - Psychological can also cause diarrhea. For example, is the excessive fear and anxiety can cause a person affected by a sudden diarrhea.
• Nutritional deficiencies - Nutritional deficiencies can also cause diarrhea. For example, is a fiber-rich food shortages and malnutrition.

Common symptoms of diarrhea as follows:

• Abdominal pain - most diarrhea symptoms are abdominal pain that is felt heartburn and wrapped around.
• Nausea and vomiting - Diarrhea is often accompanied by nausea and vomiting.
• Defecate continuously - Stimulus to continue to defecate will always be there for soft and liquid feces. Patients with diarrhea will continue to want to defecate.
• No appetite - Patients with diarrhea no desire to appetite.
• Fever - Symptoms of diarrhea is accompanied by high fever.
• Discharge of blood with feces. Under conditions of acute diarrhea, blood can be mixed in the discharge of feces.
• Other symptoms - other symptoms such as back aches and stomach worms often emits a sound that is in the stomach.
• The body feels limp - Because a lot of fluid out of the body, the body becomes dehydrated. If dehydration body going limp and lethargic due to lack of fluids.

Disturbances of Fluid and Electrolyte balance related to Diarrhea

Objective: The client can maintain adequate fluid volume with the balance of input and output as well as free of signs of dehydration.

Action taken :

- Observation of vital signs, tachycardia and fever. Skin turgor and moisture mucous membranes.
Rationale: It is an indicator of dehydration / hypovolemia, and to determine the next intervention.

- Monitor the input and output of fluid, record / measuring fluid loss through diarrhea and oral.
Rationale: To identify the degree of dehydration and guidelines for fluid replacement.

- Meet the needs of individuals with determining fluid dosing schedule.
Rationale: Giving fluids regularly can help maintain the balance of fluids and electrolytes.

- Measure weight regularly / schedule.
Rationale: Weight loss showed the presence of excessive fluid loss.

Several Symptoms are Used to Indicate Problems with The Gastrointestinal Tract

Several Symptoms are Used to Indicate Problems with The Gastrointestinal Tract

Vomiting   January 08, 2017

Several Symptoms Are Used to Indicate Problems with The Gastrointestinal Tract

1. Vomiting, which may include regurgitation of food or the vomiting of blood.

Vomiting : also known as emesis and throwing up, among other terms, is the involuntary, forceful expulsion of the contents of one's stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose.

Regurgitation : is the expulsion of material from the pharynx, or esophagus, usually characterized by the presence of undigested food or blood.

Hematemesis or haematemesis is the vomiting of blood. The source is generally the upper gastrointestinal tract, typically above the suspensory muscle of duodenum.


2. Diarrhea, or the passage of liquid or more frequent stools.

Diarrhea is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss.

3. Constipation, which refers to the passage of fewer and hardened stools.

Constipation refers to bowel movements that are infrequent or hard to pass. Constipation is a common cause of painful defecation. Severe constipation includes obstipation (failure to pass stools or gas) and fecal impaction, which can progress to bowel obstruction and become life-threatening.



4. Blood in stool, which includes fresh red blood, maroon-coloured blood, and tarry-coloured blood.

Fresh red blood / Haematochezia is the passage of fresh blood through the anus, usually in or with stools (contrast with melena). Haematochezia is commonly associated with lower gastrointestinal bleeding, but may also occur from a brisk upper gastrointestinal bleed.

Risk for Impaired Skin integrity related to Diarrhea

Risk for Impaired Skin integrity related to Diarrhea

Risk for Impaired Skin integrity   September 08, 2013

Diarrhea is a condition that is classified as the appearance of loose, watery stools and/or a frequent need to go to the bathroom.

Diarrhea may be related to a viral or bacterial infection and is sometimes the result of food poisoning. The condition commonly known as traveler’s diarrhea occurs when you’ve been exposed to bacteria or parasites while on vacation to developing countries. (healthline.com)


Impaired Skin integrity

Altered epidermis and/or dermis

Defining Characteristics:

• Invasion of body structures;
• destruction of skin layers (dermis);
• disruption of skin surface (epidermis)

Nursing Care Plan for Diarrhea - Nursing Diagnosis : Risk for Impaired Skin integrity :perianal related to increased frequency of bowel movements (diarrhea)

Goal: Impaired skin integrity is resolved

Outcomes:

• Integrity of the skin returns to normal
• No irritation

Interventions and Rational :

1. Assess skin damage / irritation every bowel movement.
R /: Knowing how much damage.

2. Discuss and explain the importance of keeping the beds.
R /: Environmental cleanliness and beds, can reduce the irritation and infection.

3. Demonstrate and involve families in caring for perianal (when wet, and dressed down as well as the base).
R /: Humid temperatures accelerate the irritation.

4. Adjust the position or sitting with 2-3 hour intervals.
R /: Position adjustment can help improve comfort.

Deficient Fluid Volume related to Diarrhea

Deficient Fluid Volume related to Diarrhea

Pediatric Nursing   September 08, 2013

Nursing Care Plan for Diarrhea - Nursing Diagnosis : Deficient Fluid Volume


Diarrhea is the condition of having three or more loose or liquid bowel movements per day. The most common cause is gastroenteritis.

Diarrhea is defined by the World Health Organization as having three or more loose or liquid stools per day, or as having more stools than is normal for that person.

Deficient Fluid Volume

Decreased intravascular, interstitial, and/or intracellular fluid (refers to dehydration, water loss alone without change in sodium level)

Defining Characteristics:

• Decreased urine output;
• increased urine concentration;
• weakness;
• sudden weight loss (except in third-spacing);
• decreased venous filling;
• increased body temperature;
• decreased pulse volume/pressure;
• change in mental state;
• elevated hematocrit;
• decreased skin/tongue turgor;
• dry skin/mucous membranes;
• thirst;
• increased pulse rate;
• decreased blood pressure

Nursing Diagnosis for Diarrhea : Deficient Fluid Volume related to frequent bowel movements

Goal:

• Fluid balance can be maintained within normal limits.
• Maintain adequate fluid volume.
• Fluid and electrolyte deficits can be resolved.

Outcomes:

• Mucous membranes moist
• Good skin turgor
• Input and output balanced

Diarrhea Nursing Interventions and Rational :

1. Observation of vital signs
R /: hypotension, tachycardia, fever may indicate a response to and / or the effects of fluid loss.

2. Observation for signs of dehydration.
Rapid population feces through the intestine reducing the absorption of low circulating volume of water causes mucous membrane dryness and thirst. Concentrated urine specific gravity has increased.

3. Appropriate laboratory examination program; electrolytes, hematocrit, pH, serum albumin.
R /: Determine the need and effectiveness of replacement therapy.
Give medications as indicated: Anti-diarrhea

4. Provision of appropriate fluid and electrolyte therapy program.
R /: Maintaining bowel rest will require replacement to correct fluid loss / anemia.

5. Administration of drugs as indicated.