Several Symptoms are Used to Indicate Problems with The Gastrointestinal Tract

Several Symptoms are Used to Indicate Problems with The Gastrointestinal Tract

Vomiting   January 08, 2017

Several Symptoms Are Used to Indicate Problems with The Gastrointestinal Tract

1. Vomiting, which may include regurgitation of food or the vomiting of blood.

Vomiting : also known as emesis and throwing up, among other terms, is the involuntary, forceful expulsion of the contents of one's stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose.

Regurgitation : is the expulsion of material from the pharynx, or esophagus, usually characterized by the presence of undigested food or blood.

Hematemesis or haematemesis is the vomiting of blood. The source is generally the upper gastrointestinal tract, typically above the suspensory muscle of duodenum.


2. Diarrhea, or the passage of liquid or more frequent stools.

Diarrhea is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss.

3. Constipation, which refers to the passage of fewer and hardened stools.

Constipation refers to bowel movements that are infrequent or hard to pass. Constipation is a common cause of painful defecation. Severe constipation includes obstipation (failure to pass stools or gas) and fecal impaction, which can progress to bowel obstruction and become life-threatening.



4. Blood in stool, which includes fresh red blood, maroon-coloured blood, and tarry-coloured blood.

Fresh red blood / Haematochezia is the passage of fresh blood through the anus, usually in or with stools (contrast with melena). Haematochezia is commonly associated with lower gastrointestinal bleeding, but may also occur from a brisk upper gastrointestinal bleed.

Nursing Care Plan for Nausea and Vomiting

Nursing Care Plan for Nausea and Vomiting

Vomiting   October 30, 2013

Nausea

Nausea is the sensation (feeling) issued a strong food or want to vomit. Usually accompanied by autonomic signs such as hypersalivation, diaphoresis, tachycardia, pallor, and tachypnea, nausea closely related to anorexia. Nausea caused by distention or irritation in any part of the gastrointestinal tract, but can also be stimulated by higher brain centers.

Nausea is a common symptom of digestive disorders, but may also occur in fluid and electrolyte imbalance, infection, metabolic disorders, endocrine, and cardiac maze. Can also be as a result of drug therapy, surgery, and radiation.

Nausea is also common in the first trimester of pregnancy, nausea can arise from intense pain, anxiety, alcohol poisoning, excessive food or digest food or drinks that do not taste good.


Definition of "Vomit" is a discharge of most or all of the stomach contents food into the stomach occurs after a while, accompanied by contraction of the stomach and abdomen. (Vivian Nanny Lia Dewi, 2010)

In a simple sense of Vomiting is spending the stomach contents through the mouth. Another understanding of the vomiting is a discharge of most or all of the stomach contents food into the stomach occurs after a while, with stomach and abdominal contractions. In the first few hours after birth, the baby may experience vomiting mucus, sometimes with a little blood. Vomiting is not uncommon to settle after breast feeding or food, the situation is probably due to irritation of the gastric mucosa by a number of objects that are ingested during childbirth.

Many causes that can lead to vomiting, namely:

• Virus infection
• Stress
• Gestation
• Drug
• Myocardial infarction
• Uremia
• Other conditions

Therapeutic Intervention

Nausea and vomiting are very few require intervention. However, if left unchecked will lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Loss of hydrochloric acid from the stomach can cause metabolic alkalosis. Vomiting black, like coffee, showed vomit mixed with blood. Protection of the airway during vomiting are the most important measures to prevent aspiration. Increased risk of aspiration in patients with loss of consciousness, the elderly, and the failure of reflexes. Place the patient in a comfortable position so that vomit out. Beating back while vomiting can lead to aspiration.


Nursing Process in Patients with Nausea and Vomiting

Assessment / data collection

1. Episodes of nausea and vomiting
2. Medical condition
3. Drugs consumed
4. Treatment is being done

Early signs of fluid loss:

1. Weakness
2. Headache
3. Not be able to concentrate
4. Postural hypotension

Further signs of fluid loss:

1. Confused
2. Oliguria
3. Skin cool and moist
4. Chest and abdominal pain

Nursing Diagnosis, Planning, and Implementation

1 . Nausea related to various causes

The desired result :

• Patients expressed no nausea and vomiting .
• Odor-free environment , clean so it does not cause nausea .

Interventions :

1. Give anti- emetic .
2. Oral care , to reduce emesis and increased comfort .
3. Explained to the patient to avoid foods that cause or may cause vomiting .

2 . Risk for aspiration related to decreased reflexes or awareness

The desired result :

• Airway and lung sounds clean patient

Iintervention :

1. Assess whether the patient is in the risk for aspiration .
2. Place the patient in a position to prevent aspiration .

3 . Deficient Fluid Volume

The desired result :

• Patient's vital signs within normal limits .

Interventions :

1. Monitor for signs of hypovolemia to prevent any complications that may occur .
2. Measure body weight each day .
3. Monitor intake output , and vital signs , and vital signs , blood pressure ortohstatik .
4. Give fluids by IV .
5. Discharge monitoring during treatment to prevent deficit and excess fluid .

Evaluation

Patients showed no nausea, lung sounds clean and normal vital signs .

Imbalanced Nutrition : less than body requirements related to nausea and vomiting

Risk for Fluid Volume Deficit related to Vomiting

Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance - Nursing Care Plan for Vomiting

Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance - Nursing Care Plan for Vomiting

Vomiting   October 10, 2013

Nursing Care Plan for Vomiting - Nursing Diagnosis : Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance : less than body requirements.

Vomiting is a symptom, not a disease. Symptoms of this form of discharge of the contents of the stomach and intestines through the mouth, with a force. Vomiting is the body's protective reflex, because it can protect against toxins accidentally ingested. In addition, an attempt vomiting removing toxins from the body and can reduce the pressure caused by the blockage or enlargement of the organ that puts pressure on the digestive tract. Generally vomiting consists of three phases, namely nausea (feeling sick), retching (initial maneuver to vomit) and regurgitation (evisceration stomach / intestine into the mouth).

Vomiting occurs through a mechanism that is very complex. The occurrence of vomiting is controlled by the vomiting center in the central nervous system (brain) us. Vomiting occurs when there are certain conditions that stimulate the vomiting center. Stimulation of the vomiting center and then proceed to the diaphragm (the partition between the chest and abdomen) and stomach muscles, resulting in decreased diaphragm and constricting (shrinking) the muscles of the stomach. That in turn resulted in increased pressure in the abdomen especially in the stomach and cause the release of stomach contents through the mouth. Some conditions that can stimulate the vomiting center in which various gastrointestinal disorders in both infections (including gastroenteritis) and non-infectious (such as obstruction of the digestive tract), toxins (poisons) in the digestive tract, balance disorders, and metabolic disorders.

Nursing Care Plan for Vomiting : Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance : less than body requirements related to excessive fluid output.

Goal: fluid and electrolyte deficits resolved

Outcomes:

• There are no signs of dehydration,
• mucosa of the mouth and lips moist,
• fluid balance.

Intervention:

• Observation of vital signs.
• Observation for signs of dehydration.
• Measure the input and output of fluid (fluid balance).
• Provide and encourage the family to drink a lot more than 2000 - 2500 cc per day.
• Collaboration with physicians in fluid therapy, electrolyte laboratory examination.
• Collaboration with a team of nutrition in low-sodium fluids.