Environmental Management: Comfort to Reduce Pain

Environmental Management: Comfort to Reduce Pain

Pain Management   January 25, 2017

Donahuwe (1989) sums up "through a sense of comfort and actions for comfort, nurses provide strength, hope, consolation, support, encouragement and assistance." A variety of nursing theory states comfort as the basic needs of the client which is the purpose of nursing care. The concept of the convenience of having the same subjectivity of pain. Each individual has a characteristic physiological, social, spiritual, psychological and cultural influences how they interpret pain. Kolcaba (1992) defines comfort in a consistent manner on the subjective experience kilien. Polcaba defines comfort as a state has met the basic needs of human beings. These needs include the need for reassurance (a satisfaction which improves the daily appearance), relief (needs have been met) and transcendent (state about something beyond the problem or pain).

Definition: The act of environmental manipulation to optimize patient comfort

Environmental Management: Comfort to Reduce Pain

• Providing the same room with the desired environment, if possible and appropriate.
• Limiting visitors.
• Avoid disturbing unneeded and provide time off
• Determining the source of discomfort, such as clothes were damp, the position of the pipe, tight clothes, bed linen wrinkle, and environmental irritants
• Preparing the room clean and the beds were comfortable
• Setting the room temperature comfortable for the patient, if possible
• Move or provide blankets to increase the comfort, if indicated
• Avoid unnecessary exposure, a lot of wind, too hot, and cold
• Set the lighting according to activity and the needs of patients, avoid lights directly into the eye
• Control and prevent the atmosphere is too crowded, if possible
• Facilitates personal hygiene for ensuring patient (such as wiping the forehead, using skin cream or body wash, hair and oral hygiene)
• Positioning the patient to obtain comfort (using the principles of body alignment / line of the body, supported by pillows, protect joints during movement, and pain immobilisasikan body parts)
• Monitor the skin, especially areas of the body having suppressed, as a sign of suppression or irritation
• Avoid skin and mucous membrane of irritants (such as diarrhea stool and wound drainage)

Efficacy of Bananas that Never Suspected

Efficacy of Bananas that Never Suspected

Health Articles   January 25, 2017

Banana is one fruit that is preferred by all levels of society of all ages. This is because, the fruit is easy to get all over the place, and with a relatively affordable price. The fruit is highly suitable as a dessert after a meal. So from that, many of us who serve this fruit in the daily menu. Consuming a banana was a lot of benefits for health. There are various benefits of bananas that you never thought before.

As a variety of other fruits, bananas also has properties or benefits when consumed. Many of us who believe that this fruit has various benefits hidden in it.

Efficacy of Bananas that Never Suspected

• Lose weight naturally. For those of you who have problems with weight, then regularly consume this fruit can help you lose weight you have. This is because, this fruit contains a relatively small amount of calories.
• Balance the amount of fluid in the body. The body needs sufficient amount of fluid to support the performance of all organs in the body. Therefore, the content of potassium in bananas is very important to help balance the amount of fluid in the body.
• If you are susceptible to diseases like flu, cough and others. Start eating a banana. The content of vitamin C in this fruit helps boost the immune system you have.
• If you want healthy bones. Eating bananas regularly may help nourish your bones. This is because, this fruit is one of the fruits that contain manganese which is quite high.
• Improving the energy needed by the body in an instant. When activity increases daily, eat a banana. It is intended that the body does not quickly exhausted and tired in the density of activity or your work.
• Improving the digestive system in your body. Regularly consume this fruit can help your digestive system performance even better. So that a variety of nutrients from the food you eat can be absorbed and used by the body optimally anyway.
• As a natural constipation drug. Bananas can also help you facilitate defecation. So from that, eat bananas to avoid hardening of the stool as an early symptom of constipation.

Health Benefits of Strawberries for Your Body

Health Benefits of Strawberries for Your Body

Health Articles   January 25, 2017

Strawberries have a delicious flavor and delicious to eat every day. Most small children certainly very fond of this fruit. Nutritional requirements obtained through fruits, especially strawberries are very supportive in improving health of everyone.

Strawberries are not so hard to find even though it is relatively expensive. When the strawberry season, you can easily pluck and consume this fruit in the garden directly. Strawberries have shared the nutrients needed by the body such as protein, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin C, folate, vitain A and others. Therefore, strawberries course is highly recommended for meal as your daily diet.

Health Benefits of Strawberries for Your Body

• Help improve your heart health. This is because, these fruits contain flavonoids named
•  that play a role in reducing the risk of heart attacks that may threaten your life.
• Preventing a stroke that could threaten everyone. The content of antioxidants such as quercetin, kaempferol and anthocyanins in strawberries helpful to prevent blood clots that can cause a stroke.
• Prevention of cancer hazard. Strawberries contain high antioxidant. Antioxidants help fight free radicals that enter into the body that can cause various types of cancer.
• Prevention of hypertension are quite effective. For those of you who have symptoms of high blood pressure or hypertension, then strawberries unfit for consumption. This is because, strawberries contain high potassium and helpful neutralize sodium content in the body.
• Constipation natural medicine. Strawberries mengadung enough fiber needed by your body. These fibers also serve to launch a big waste and prevent constipation you do not want.
• Food for diabetics and effective in preventing diabetes. Low glycemic index levels and the antioxidant capacity of strawberries functions to control blood sugar levels remain in a stable condition.
• Relieve allergies that attack the body. This is because, the content of various nutrients and antioxidants in strawberries have a variety of functions to relieve allergy symptoms are often experienced as itching and watery eyes often.

Source : medicalnewstoday

Disturbances of Fluid and Electrolyte balance related to Diarrhea

Disturbances of Fluid and Electrolyte balance related to Diarrhea

Disturbances of Fluid and Electrolyte balance related to Diarrhea   January 14, 2017

Diarrhea is a disease characterized by a change in stool become too soft or liquid. Stimulus to continue to defecate will continue to happen, as long as the stool still have water or fluid overload. Patients with diarrhea will be cured if the stool has changed as usual. There is no excess liquid and so forth.

Here are things that are often the cause of diarrhea:

Infection

Infection is a factor that is often the cause of someone with diarrhea. Many types of infection that can cause a person to suffer from diarrhea. Here are the different kinds of infections that cause diarrhea:

• Internal infection - Infection is common in the human digestive tract. If the gastrointestinal infection that can cause diarrhea
• Infections caused by bacteria - Bacteria also cause a person exposed to the bacteria. The bacteria can cause a person to become infected. Bacteria that can cause diarrhea are; vibrio coma, e coli, salmonella, yersinia, shigella and also acromonas.
• Virus - Virus that exists around us can also cause diarrhea. Viruses that can infect the body. A variety of viruses that cause diarrhea are adeno virus, rotavirus, astro virus and also entero virus.
• Parasites - Parasites such as fungi, worms and protozoa can cause infections and the infection can cause diarrhea.
• Parental - parental infection that can cause diarrhea is an infection outside the digestive organs for example tonsilo pharyngitis and acute otitis media infection.

Non-Infectious

There are a lot of things can cause diarrhea, which is caused by diseases that are not infectious. For example, are the following:

• Allergies - Allergies can also cause diarrhea. Allergies are the most dominant cause of diarrhea is food allergies. For example, an allergy to the protein and milk allergy.
• Disturbance - Disturbance in the body that can cause a person with diarrhea is a metabolic disorder and malabsorption disorders.
• Medications - Medications such as antibiotics can also cause diarrhea.
• Intestinal diseases - Intestinal diseases can also affect a person with diarrhea. For example ; a bowel disease such as colitis ulserative, enterocolitis and also Crohn's disease.
• Psychological - Psychological can also cause diarrhea. For example, is the excessive fear and anxiety can cause a person affected by a sudden diarrhea.
• Nutritional deficiencies - Nutritional deficiencies can also cause diarrhea. For example, is a fiber-rich food shortages and malnutrition.

Common symptoms of diarrhea as follows:

• Abdominal pain - most diarrhea symptoms are abdominal pain that is felt heartburn and wrapped around.
• Nausea and vomiting - Diarrhea is often accompanied by nausea and vomiting.
• Defecate continuously - Stimulus to continue to defecate will always be there for soft and liquid feces. Patients with diarrhea will continue to want to defecate.
• No appetite - Patients with diarrhea no desire to appetite.
• Fever - Symptoms of diarrhea is accompanied by high fever.
• Discharge of blood with feces. Under conditions of acute diarrhea, blood can be mixed in the discharge of feces.
• Other symptoms - other symptoms such as back aches and stomach worms often emits a sound that is in the stomach.
• The body feels limp - Because a lot of fluid out of the body, the body becomes dehydrated. If dehydration body going limp and lethargic due to lack of fluids.

Disturbances of Fluid and Electrolyte balance related to Diarrhea

Objective: The client can maintain adequate fluid volume with the balance of input and output as well as free of signs of dehydration.

Action taken :

- Observation of vital signs, tachycardia and fever. Skin turgor and moisture mucous membranes.
Rationale: It is an indicator of dehydration / hypovolemia, and to determine the next intervention.

- Monitor the input and output of fluid, record / measuring fluid loss through diarrhea and oral.
Rationale: To identify the degree of dehydration and guidelines for fluid replacement.

- Meet the needs of individuals with determining fluid dosing schedule.
Rationale: Giving fluids regularly can help maintain the balance of fluids and electrolytes.

- Measure weight regularly / schedule.
Rationale: Weight loss showed the presence of excessive fluid loss.

Several Symptoms are Used to Indicate Problems with The Gastrointestinal Tract

Several Symptoms are Used to Indicate Problems with The Gastrointestinal Tract

Vomiting   January 08, 2017

Several Symptoms Are Used to Indicate Problems with The Gastrointestinal Tract

1. Vomiting, which may include regurgitation of food or the vomiting of blood.

Vomiting : also known as emesis and throwing up, among other terms, is the involuntary, forceful expulsion of the contents of one's stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose.

Regurgitation : is the expulsion of material from the pharynx, or esophagus, usually characterized by the presence of undigested food or blood.

Hematemesis or haematemesis is the vomiting of blood. The source is generally the upper gastrointestinal tract, typically above the suspensory muscle of duodenum.


2. Diarrhea, or the passage of liquid or more frequent stools.

Diarrhea is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss.

3. Constipation, which refers to the passage of fewer and hardened stools.

Constipation refers to bowel movements that are infrequent or hard to pass. Constipation is a common cause of painful defecation. Severe constipation includes obstipation (failure to pass stools or gas) and fecal impaction, which can progress to bowel obstruction and become life-threatening.



4. Blood in stool, which includes fresh red blood, maroon-coloured blood, and tarry-coloured blood.

Fresh red blood / Haematochezia is the passage of fresh blood through the anus, usually in or with stools (contrast with melena). Haematochezia is commonly associated with lower gastrointestinal bleeding, but may also occur from a brisk upper gastrointestinal bleed.

Bacteremia and Sepsis - Definition, Causes and Symptoms

Bacteremia and Sepsis - Definition, Causes and Symptoms

Signs and Symptoms   November 04, 2015

Bacteremia and Sepsis


DEFINITIONS

• Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream.
• Sepsis is an infection in the bloodstream.

CAUSES

Sepsis is the result of a bacterial infection in the human body.
Which is often the source of sepsis is an infection of the kidney, liver or gall bladder, intestines, skin (cellulitis) and the lungs (pneumonia due to bacteria).

Risk factors for sepsis:

• Surgery on the infected part of the body or body parts which normally grow bacteria (eg intestine).
• Insert foreign objects into the body, for example; intravenous catheter, urinary catheter or drainage hose.
• Drug abuse by injection.
• Patients with immune system disorders (eg, due to anti-cancer therapy).

SYMPTOMS

Transient bacteremia rarely cause symptoms because the body is usually able to eradicate a small number of bacteria immediately.

If someone sepsis, there will arise the following symptoms:

• Fever or hypothermia (decreased body temperature).
• Hyperventilation.
• Chills.
• The skin feels warm.
• Skin rash.
• Tachycardia (increased heart rate).
• Delirious or dazed.
• Decreased production of urine.

If not addressed, sepsis can lead to infection throughout the body (metastatic infection). Infections can occur in the lining of the brain (meningitis), in the pericardium (pericarditis), in the heart (endocarditis), in the bone (osteomyelitis) and in the large joints. An abscess (accumulation of pus) may develop in almost all parts of the body.

Signs and Symptoms of Hypoglycemia According to Experts

Signs and Symptoms of Hypoglycemia According to Experts

Signs and Symptoms of Hypoglycemia According to Experts   October 16, 2015

Hypoglycemia occurs due to an excess of insulin in the blood resulting in low blood sugar levels. Blood sugar levels can cause symptoms of hypoglycemia, varies between one another.

At first the body responds to low blood sugar levels by releasing epinephrine (adrenaline) from the adrenal glands and certain nerve endings. Epinephrine stimulates the release of sugar from body reserves but also causes symptoms that resemble anxiety attacks (sweating, restlessness, trembling, fainting, palpitations, and sometimes hunger). More severe hypoglycemia cause a reduction of glucose to the brain and cause dizziness, confusion, fatigue, weakness, headache, unusual behavior, inability to concentrate, impaired vision, convulsions and coma. Prolonged hypoglycemia can cause permanent brain damage. Symptoms that resemble anxiety and disruption of brain function can begin slowly or suddenly. It most often occurs in people who take insulin or oral hypoglycemic drugs. In patients with insulin-producing pancreatic tumor, symptoms occurred on the morning after an overnight fast, especially if the blood sugar stores are depleted by exercise before breakfast. At first only occasional episodes of hypoglycemia-time, but after a long time the attacks become more frequent and more severe.

Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia consists of two phases include:

• The first phase of the symptoms that arise as a result of activation of the autonomic centers in the hypothalamus so that the release of the hormone epinephrine. Symptoms include palpitations, out a lot of sweat, tremors, fear, hunger and nausea (glucose by 50 mg%).
• The second phase is the symptoms that occur as a result of the start of the disruption of brain function, symptoms such as dizziness, blurred vision, decreased mental acuity, loss of fine motor skills, loss of consciousness, seizures and coma (blood glucose of 20 mg%).

The symptoms of hypoglycemia are not typical is the following:

• Changes in behavior.
• Syncope sudden attack.
• Headache in the morning, which will disappear with the morning meal.
• Excessive sweating bedtime.
• Waking from sleep at night to eat.
• Hemiplegia / aphasia passing.
• Angina pectoris without coronary artery abnormalities.

Research on people who are not diabetic indicate a disturbance in brain function that is ahead of phase I and in the call subliminal brain dysfunction, in addition to symptoms that are not typical.
Sometimes symptoms do not appear adrenergic phase and direct patients away in the phase disruption of brain function, there are two types of loss of alertness, namely acute and chronic.
Acute example: in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus with blood glucose control is very tight near normal, the neuropathy autonomic in a patient who had been suffering from diabetes, and use of beta-blockers are nonselective, loss of alertness that chronicles usually irreversible and is considered a complication of diabetes serious.
As a basic diagnosis of Whipple's triad can be used, ie hypoglycaemia with symptoms of central nervous, glucose levels less than 50 mg% and the symptoms will disappear with the administration of glucose.

Hypoglycemia in diabetes is more common than ketoacidosis, although most spread are those of insulin dependence. Onset of hypoglycemia is much faster and manifestations are more varied, often in ways that are not clear so as to deflect the attention of a person until the person does not realize what is actually happening and not being able to find a treatment that does not fit, so the reactions of hypoglycaemia due to insulin may occurred in the midst of everyday life of the patient. Although significant recovery, and hypoglycemia can be rapid and complete within a few minutes after an appropriate treatment, many patients are emotionally (psychologically possibility) remain shaken for several hours or even for several days after an insulin reaction. Finally, in conditions of extreme hypoglycemia, still has the possibility to cause permanent brain damage and even fatal. (Ester, 2000 :).


In the quotation from Karen Bruke 2005 there are few clinical signs and symptoms that include:

• Hungry.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Pale, cold skin.
• Headache.
• Rapid pulse.
• Hypotension.
• Irritability.

Manifestations cause changes in cerebral function:

• Headache.
• Coma.
• Difficulty in thinking.
• Inability to concentrate.
• Changes in attitude emotion.